Method and apparatus using modified subframes

ABSTRACT

The herein disclosed apparatus, systems, and methods use Almost Blank Subframes (ABS) to manage interference between D2D and WAN transmissions. In particular, an eNodeB is disclosed comprising a controller module operable to obtain an indicator of a need for a quiescent subframe, and to select responsively thereto a subframe of a communication frame, and allocate the selected subframe as an Almost Blank Subframe (ABS). The base station includes a transceiver module operable to communicate the ABS over an air interface, and to send a misinformation signal to another eNodeB device indicating the ABS is not almost blank.

BACKGROUND

I. Field

The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and morespecifically to techniques for supporting device-to-device (D2D)communications in conjunction with wide area network (WAN)communications.

II. Background

Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide varioustypes of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data,messaging, broadcast, etc. Wireless networks may be multiple-accessnetworks capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the availablenetwork resources. Examples of such multiple-access networks includeCode Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks, Time Division MultipleAccess (TDMA) networks, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)networks, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, and Single-Carrier FDMA(SC-FDMA) networks. A wireless communication network may also bereferred to as a wide area network (WAN).

Deployments of mobile wireless systems (mobile WANs) have been growingvigorously since at least the 1980s. Early systems used analogtechnology and comprised various technologies deployed in differentsystems worldwide, such as Analogue Mobile Phone System (AMPS), used inthe USA, Total Access Communication System (TACS), used in parts ofEurope, Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), used in parts of Europe, andJapanese Total Access Communication System (J-TACS), used in Japan andHong Kong. Such systems came to be referred to as “First Generation”(1G) systems.

Global roaming became possible with the development of a so-called“Second Generation” (2G) system called the Global System for Mobilecommunications (GSM). GSM was based on digital technology rather thanthe analog technology of the earlier 1G systems. Under the aegis of theEuropean Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), GSM developedinto a well-regarded and widely deployed standard.

Advances in mobile user equipment (UE) technology resulted inconveniently small battery powered handsets and the like, furtheradvancing the widespread acceptance of personal mobile communications.However, radio frequency spectrum is a limited shared resource, governedby regulatory bodies such as the International TelecommunicationUnion—Radiocommunication sector (ITU-R) and other regional and nationalregulators, all of whom determine in their respective jurisdictions howto allocate the radio frequency spectrum among the different types ofservices and technologies that seek to use it. This role is facilitatedby the standardization of radio technologies. Among other things,standardization encourages interoperability of equipment from multiplevendors, fostering competition and resulting in reduced equipment cost.Standardization also promotes the efficient use of radio spectrum andthe deployment of new and improved services.

The ITU-R has defined technology families and has associated specificranges of the radio spectrum with these families. Two such families arethe International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) family, which includesso-called “Third Generation” (3G) systems; and the IMT-Advanced (IMT-A)family, which includes “Fourth Generation” (4G) systems. The designationof each new generation refers generally to a fundamental change in thenature of the technologies used, e.g., different multiple access schemesresulting in non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higherpeak bitrates, different frequency bands, wider channel frequencybandwidth, and higher capacity. New mobile generations have beenintroduced about every ten years since the early 1980s, when analog 1Gsystems were deployed. In the early 1990s, digital 2G systems weredeployed. In the early 2000s, 3G systems using spread spectrumcommunication were deployed. In the early 2010s, 4G systems basedentirely on packet-switched (PS) technology are being deployed.

A wireless communication network in accordance with the foregoingstandards may include a number of base stations (also referred to asevolved Node Bs, eNBs, BSs, or access nodes) that can supportcommunication for a number of UEs. In such a WAN, communication by UEstypically occurs via uplink/downlink channels between the UEs and a basestation.

However, if two UEs are in the vicinity of each other, they may beenabled to communicate directly, that is, without communicating throughthe base station. A UE may thus be enabled to communicate peer-to-peer(P2P), also referred to as device-to-device (D2D), with one or moreother UEs.

It may be thus desirable to efficiently support P2P and base stationcommunications for UEs, such as by enabling new types of services,improving available services, eliminating interference, and/or reducingthe traffic load on base stations.

SUMMARY

The herein disclosed apparatus, systems, and methods use Almost BlankSubframes (ABS) to manage interference between D2D and WANtransmissions. In particular, an eNodeB is disclosed comprising acontroller module operable to obtain an indicator of a need for aquiescent subframe, and to select responsively thereto a subframe of acommunication frame, and allocate the selected subframe as an AlmostBlank Subframe (ABS). The base station includes a transceiver moduleoperable to communicate the ABS over an air interface, and to send amisinformation signal to another eNodeB device indicating the ABS is notalmost blank.

A user equipment in accordance with the herein disclosed apparatus,systems and methods may include at least one receiver module, and aradio frequency (RF) module. The RF module may be operable to receive analmost blank subframe (ABS) from the receiver and to at least perform anoperation during the ABS that is appropriate for direct communicationwith a user equipment (UE) in a Device to Device (D2D) communicationmode.

Various aspects and features of the disclosure are described in furtherdetail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the time periods, technology generations, majordevelopment groups, and various standards relating to wirelesscommunications.

FIG. 2 illustrates the general organization of the standards developinggroups of the 3GPP.

FIGS. 3A and 3B respectively illustrate an exemplary heterogeneousnetwork (HetNet) and an interference scenario arising therein that isrelevant to the herein described apparatus, systems, and methods.

FIG. 4 illustrates the organization of radio frames in LTE wirelesscommunications.

FIG. 5 illustrates TDD uplink/downlink configurations relevant to theherein described apparatus, systems, and methods.

FIG. 6 illustrates an almost blank subframe (ABS) relevant to the hereindescribed apparatus, systems, and methods.

FIG. 7 shows a process for supporting D2D communications in accordancewith the herein described apparatus, systems, and methods.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show block diagrams of a UE and a base station,respectively, in accordance with the herein described apparatus,systems, and methods.

FIG. 9 shows a method, operable by a network entity such as a basestation, in accordance with the herein described apparatus, systems, andmethods.

FIG. 10 shows a method, operable by a network entity such as a userequipment (UE), in accordance with the herein described apparatus,systems, and methods.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary apparatus that maybe configured as a base station in accordance with the herein describedapparatus, systems, and methods.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary apparatus that maybe configured as a UE in accordance with the herein described apparatus,systems, and methods.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary apparatus that maybe configured as a base station in accordance with the herein describedapparatus, systems, and methods.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Figures and descriptions of the specification may have been simplifiedto illustrate elements that are relevant for clear understanding of theherein disclosed exemplary apparatus, systems, and methods, whileeliminating for the purposes of clarity and brevity other elementsordinarily found in telecommunications apparatus, systems, and methods.Those of ordinary skill in the relevant arts may thus recognize otherelements and/or steps that may be desirable or needed in implementingthe disclosed embodiments. However, because such elements and steps arewell known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a betterunderstanding of the present invention, a discussion of such elementsand may not be provided herein. The claims nevertheless include withintheir scope all variations and modifications to the disclosedembodiments that will be known or apparent to those skilled in the artin light of this disclosure.

The recent evolution of mobile telecommunications systems amounts to anongoing series of advancements in cellular telecommunication systems. Acellular system is one that divides its service area into so-calledcells, each with its own base station that communicates with andprovides services to devices located within the cell using acommunication channel arranged not to interfere with channels used inadjacent cells. Such a base station may be referred to as a NodeB,evolved NodeB, eNB, or a BS, by way of non-limiting example.Communicating devices used by end users in such a cell-based system mayinclude stationary and mobile personal computers, laptops, netbooks,handsets, phones, etc., each of which may be referred to as a UserEquipment (UE). The communication path from the NodeB to the UE may bereferred to as the downlink (DL), while that from the UE to the NodeBmay be referred to as the uplink (UL).

The techniques described herein may be used for various wirelesscommunication networks, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, andother wireless networks. The terms “network” and “system” are often usedinterchangeably herein. By way of example, a CDMA network may implementa radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA),cdma2000, and the like. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), TimeDivision Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), and other variants of CDMA, andcdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network mayimplement a radio technology, such as Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technologysuch as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11(Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, and the like.UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System(UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), in bothFrequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), are newreleases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A and GSMare described in documents from an organization named “3rd GenerationPartnership Project” (3GPP). UMB and cdma2000 are described in documentsfrom an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2”(3GPP2). The techniques described herein may be used for the wirelessnetworks and radio technologies mentioned above, as well as for otherwireless networks and radio technologies.

Three organizations guide the development of standards conforming to theInternational Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) requirements (whichincludes so-called “Third Generation” (3G) systems) and the IMT-Advanced(IMT-A) requirements (which includes so-called “Fourth Generation” (4G)systems). These organizations are the 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP), the 3GPP2, and the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE). The standards organizations and the standards theyhave developed and promulgated are illustrated in FIG. 1.

In the systems promulgated and illustratively shown in FIG. 1, thephysical or logical link that connects a data source (transmitter) to adata sink (receiver) is called a channel. Communications in which twodevices may simultaneously send and receive signals between them arereferred to as duplex communications. Systems that support duplexcommunications among a plurality of pairs of devices are called multipleaccess systems. The combining of multiple channels into a single sharedchannel is called multiplexing, the goal of which is generally to sharea limited or expensive resource, such as radio spectrum.

Within the 3GPP developed standards, progressively more advancedmultiple access technologies have been developed. TDMA and FDMA are usedin 2G standards, including the GSM, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),and Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). CDMA is used in 3Gstandards, including the UMTS and its progeny High Speed Downlink PacketAccess (HSDPA), High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), High SpeedPacket Access (HSPA), and enhanced HSPA (HSPA+), some of which may useW-CDMA (which uses 5 MHz bandwidth carriers). Beginning with the LTE,3GPP promulgated standards have employed OFDM. Unlike earlier systemswhich initially were were based on Circuit Switched (CS) technology, LTEwas based from the start on Packet Switched (PS) technology.

LTE has been complemented by developments in non-radio aspects of acomplete mobile communications system called System ArchitectureEvolution (SAE), which includes the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network.Together, LTE and SAE make up the Evolved Packet System (EPS), in whichthe core network and the radio access network are entirelypacket-switched.

The 3GPP supports standardization by producing highly detailedspecification documents which are released in associated groups orseries. For example, Release 8 (R8) describes the first version of LTE;and Release 10 (R10) describes the first version of LTE Advanced(LTE-A). Within each generation, an important consideration is tointroduce new technology in a manner that is backward compatible withlegacy equipment of the same generation. Such backward compatibilityenables network operators to continue to provide services to existingsubscribers using legacy UEs, while introducing new services andfeatures that function only with newer UEs.

The 3GPP is divided into four Technical Specification Groups (TSGs),each of which comprises several Working Groups (WGs), as shown in FIG.2. Each of the WGs works on a different aspect of developingtechnologies. In general, the documents produced by the 3GPP, such astechnical reports and technical specifications, are presently availableto the public at http://www.3gpp.org. During the course of developingstandards, the WGs consider the technologies being developedholistically, taking into account issues such as performance, cost toimplement, complexity, compatibility with earlier versions anddeployments, and the like. The 3GPP documents pertaining to releasedstandards and ongoing standards development that are available atwww.3gpp.org as of the filing of the present disclosure are herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entirety as is fully setforth.

UEs that are compliant with LTE release 10 and earlier are able tocommunicate directly only with eNodeBs in a so-called homogeneousconfiguration in which each eNodeB uses different carriers than allother eNodeBs having overlapping service areas. However, beginning withLTE release 11 so-called heterogeneous networks (hetnets) are supported,in which a plurality of eNodeBs with overlapping service areas use atleast some of the same carriers. In a hetnet, the largest cell served byan eNodeB is called a macrocell. Smaller cells called picocells maydeployed within or overlapping with the service area of the macrocell,each served by a lower power “pico” eNodeB that uses the same multipleaccess parameters as the macrocell's eNodeB. Even smaller femtocells mayalso be deployed within the service area of the macrocell, typicallydeployed by private parties without the permission or even knowledge ofthe macro cell operator. Each femtocell is served by an even lower powerfemto or “Home” eNodeB (HeNB) also using many of the same parameters asthe macrocell's NodeB. Thus, each smaller cell shares at least onechannel resource with the macrocell it is located in. A WAN can employmacrocells, picocells, and/or femtocells to provide wireless coverage ina variety of environments, ranging from open outdoor spaces to officebuildings, homes, and underground areas. Together, the macro, pico, andfemto eNodeBs provide a mosaic of coverage with handoff capabilitiestherebetween, typically with much better combined coverage and greaterthroughput than would be possible using conventionally placed macroeNodeBs alone. An exemplary arrangement of network elements inaccordance with the herein disclosed apparatus, systems, and methods isshown in FIG. 3A.

In such arrangements, interference can occur between the differentdevices that are using the same communication parameters for their ownrespective communications. For example, as shown in FIG. 3B, a macroeNodeB transmission to a macro UE can interfere with the reception at apico eNodeB of a transmission from a pico UE. Conversely, the pico UE'stransmission to the pico eNodeB may interfere with the reception at themacro UE of the macro eNodeB's transmission. In effect, transmissionsfrom any transmitting device can interfere with the reception of otherdevices' transmissions when their intended receivers are near enough,and are using the same communication parameters for their own respectivecommunications. Thus, the transmissions of every such device must bemanaged if such interference is to be avoided.

Direct communication between devices that operate at the same levelwithin the network may be referred to as P2P, or D2D, communication. Forexample, direct communication between an eNodeB and another eNodeB orHeNB may be referred to as P2P. A UE communicating directly with anotherUE may also be referred to as P2P. One recent development in LTE-A isthe ability of properly configured UEs to engage in D2D communicationsusing the same carriers that are used by the macro eNodeB and smallercell eNodeBs within whose service area one or both of the UEs arelocated. Such D2D communications may result in additional interferencescenarios between the various devices that are using the samecommunication parameters.

In any interference scenario, a transmitting device that interferes witha communication session between two other devices is called anaggressor. The interference occurs when the aggressor transmitsconcurrently with a second device using the same communicationparameters. The receiver that was intended to receive the seconddevice's transmission is prevented from doing so by the aggressor'stransmission. The receiver (i.e., the device whose operation is directlyadversely affected by the aggressor) is referred to as a victim.

One way to avoid such interference is to schedule the transmissions ofthe various devices that are using the same shared radio resources suchthat no two transmitting devices transmit at the same time while theyare both within range of an intended receiver of one of the two devices.Such scheduling may be accomplished using control signals. However, itis important to accomplish the scheduling in a manner that is backwardcompatible with legacy devices of the same generation, or in otherwords, that permits the legacy devices to operate as they normallywould, while at the same time enabling newer devices to implement newfeatures and capabilities.

More particularly, problematic interference can arise at a receiver whentwo transmitters are transmitting concurrently using the same channelresources, when both are within range of the receiver, but the receiveris the intended recipient of the transmissions of only one of them,referred to here as its partner. At the location of the receiver, thenon-partner transmission is regarded as noise with respect to thepartner transmission, and adversely affects the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of the partner transmission. If the non-partner signal is strongenough at the receiver, the partner signal becomes difficult orimpossible to understand, i.e., it is overwhelmed by what it perceivesas noise.

A different but related problem can occur even if the non-partner is notusing the same channel resources as the receiver and its partner. Evenwhen the non-partner transmission is using different channel resources,the non-partner transmission may deliver enough power on the partnerchannel at the receiver's location to adversely affect the SNR of thepartner transmission at the receiver. A strong enough non-partnertransmission can thereby desense the receiver with respect to thepartner transmission, making it difficult or impossible to understand.Desensing must also be controlled where it may arise in a HetNet.Henceforth as used herein, the word “interference” and its derivativesincludes desensing as well.

Returning now to FIG. 3A, shown is a wireless communication network 300,which may be a LTE network or other wireless network (also referred toherein as a wide area network, or WAN, or simply as a network). Wirelesscommunication network 300 may include a number of base stations andother network entities. For simplicity, only three base stations 310 a,310 b, and 310 c, one network controller 325, and a directory agent 330are shown in FIG. 3A. A base station (also referred to as BS, eNodeB,HeNB, eNB, or access point, for example) may be an entity thatcommunicates with the devices. Each base station 310 may providecommunication coverage for a particular geographic area, and may supportcommunication for the devices located within the coverage area. Toimprove network capacity, the overall coverage area of a base stationmay be partitioned into multiple (e.g., three in the illustration)smaller areas. Each smaller area may be served by a respective basestation subsystem. In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage areaof a base station and/or a base station subsystem serving this coveragearea, depending on the context in which the term is used. In 3GPP2, theterm “sector” or “cell-sector” can refer to a coverage area of a basestation and/or a base station subsystem serving this coverage area. Forclarity, the 3GPP concept of “cell” is used throughout the disclosure.

WAN 300 may be a HetNet that includes base stations of different types,for example, macro base stations, pico base stations, home basestations, relays, and the like. Accordingly, a base station may providecommunication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell,and/or other types of cells. A macro cell may cover a relatively largegeographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allowunrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A pico cell maycover a relatively small geographic area (an office building or campus)and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. Afemto cell may cover an even smaller geographic area (e.g., a home) andmay allow restricted access by UEs having association with the femtocell (e.g., UEs in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG)). In the exampleshown in FIG. 3, WAN 300 includes macro base stations 310 a, 310 b and310 c for correspondent macro cells. WAN 300 may also include pico basestations 315 a, 315 b, 315 c, and 315 d for pico cells, and/or home basestations for femto cells.

Network controller 325 may couple to one or more base stations, and mayprovide coordination and control for these base stations. Networkcontroller 325 may be a single network entity or a collection of networkentities. Network controller 325 may communicate with the base stationsvia a backhaul, by way of non-limiting example. The base stations mayalso communicate with each another, for example, directly or indirectlyvia wireless or wireline backhaul.

Directory agent 330 may be a separate network entity and may be coupledto network controller 325 (as shown in FIG. 3A) and/or to other networkentities. Directory agent 330 may also be part of a base station, ornetwork controller 325, or some other network entity not shown in FIG.3A. Directory agent 330 may further include, or be communicativelyassociated with, server 330 a. Directory agent 330 may support the setupof D2D communication, such as by providing certain identifyinginformation of user devices, as described further below.

Processor/controller 335 may be associated with, or form part of,network controller 325. Processor/controller 335 may also be, or formpart of, or be distinct from, server 330 a, and may be associated with acorrespondent memory 340 that may be, form part of, or be distinct from,directory agent 330. Processor/controller 335 may include comparatorcapabilities, assessing capabilities, and like processing capabilities,and may be associated with information stored in a memory within, orassociated with, directory agent 330. As such, processor/controller 335may be within a base station 310 a, and may provide the processing andcalculation functions described herein.

User equipments (UEs) 320 may be disposed throughout the wirelessnetwork, and each device may be stationary or mobile. A UE may also bereferred to as a user device, a mobile station, a terminal, an accessterminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. A UE may be a cellularphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wirelesscommunication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordlessphone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a smart phone, a netbook, asmartbook, a tablet, a peripheral device (e.g., a printer), or the like.A UE may communicate with a base station in a wireless network. A UE mayalso communicate with other UEs using D2D communications. In the exampleshown in FIG. 3A, UEs 320 x and 320 y may communicate D2D. Other UEs 320may communicate with base stations 310 a, 310 b, 310 c, and UEs 320 xand 320 y may also be capable of communicating with the base stations,e.g., when not engaged in D2D communication or concurrently with D2Dcommunication. D2D communication may be used to offload data traffic inorder to reduce congestion on the radio interface, on WAN network 300,as well as on a core network (not shown).

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, WAN 300 may also include relays 380. A relaymay be any entity that receives a transmission of data from an upstreamentity (such as a base station or a UE) and sends a transmission of thedata to a downstream entity (such as another UE or base station), thatrelays data, typically without modification. A relay may be a UE thatrelays transmissions for other UEs, or a base station that relaystransmissions, or any other independent relay device or node. Thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that relays may be disposedthroughout the networks, cells, and systems herein described.

In the description herein, WAN communication refers to communicationbetween a UE and a base station, such as for a call between the UE and aremote entity like another UE, via the base station. A WAN link, andvariants thereof, as used herein, thus refers to a communication linkbetween a UE and a base station. In contrast, a D2D communication, asused herein, refers to direct communication between two or more UEs,wherein at least a portion of the direct communication occurs withoutgoing through a base station. A D2D link, or variants thereof, thusrefers to a direct communication link between two or more UEs engaged inD2D communication. Correspondingly, a WAN UE is a UE that is interestedor engaged in WAN communication, and a D2D UE is a UE that is interestedor engaged in D2D communication. Similarly, a macro UE is a UE that isinterested or engaged in WAN communication with a macro eNodeB, and apico UE is a UE that is interested or engages in WAN communication witha pico eNodeB.

Downlink (DL) transmissions from an eNodeB to a UE, as shown in FIG. 3A,in an LTE or LTE-A system comprise so-called user-plane andcontrol-plane data. In effect, a downlink transmission comprises aplurality of channels, each one of which is used to transmit either usercontent or control signaling that coordinates the resources needed tosend the user content in a manner that can be understood by its intendedrecipient. A plurality of such transmissions may be sent concurrently,multiplexed by manipulating physical layer signaling in the multipleaccess scheme of OFDMA. OFDMA divides the transmitted signal along smallunits of time and frequency. Uplink (UL) transmissions from a UE to abase station also comprise user-plane and control-plane data. Themultiple access scheme used in the uplink is SC-FDMA.

The herein disclosed apparatus, systems, and methods pertain primarilyto DL and D2D communications. In an LTE network, carrier capacity duringsubframes that would ordinarily be allocated for sending DL informationfrom a macro eNodeB to UEs can instead be reallocated for use in D2Dcommunications occurring directly between UEs. In addition, since theeNodeB may no longer be sending DL transmissions during these subframes,any interference (or desense) that would otherwise have been caused bysuch DL transmissions at devices other than the D2D UEs is mitigated.

For example, referring now again to FIG. 3B, a pico eNodeB 315 in themacro eNodeB's 310 service area 301 is receiving a Physical UplinkControl Channel (PUCCH) Radio Bearer (RB) 350 from pico UE 355. A macroeNodeB downlink transmission 360 to a neighboring macro UE 365 mayinterfere 370 with the pico eNodeB's PUCCH reception. If so,rescheduling the macro eNodeB's transmission to a different subframewould eliminate that interference. Similarly, the rescheduling wouldalso eliminate interference 375 that would otherwise be experienced bythe macro UE 365 receiving the macro eNodeB's DL 360, due to the picoUE's PUCCH transmission 350 to the pico eNodeB 315.

Ideally, the subframe that originally contained the macro eNodeB datathat was rescheduled would be completely blank, eliminating even thepossibility of interference toward the UEs engaged in D2D communicationsduring that subframe. However, for practical reasons, such as tomaintain backward compatibility with prior art UEs, the DL subframe isnot typically completely blank. For example, to ensure cells remainaccessible and measureable to such UEs, certain control signals, such asthe cell-specific Reference Signal (RS), Primary Synchronization Signal(PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), and the Paging Channel(PCH) and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), remain. Accordingly, thesubframe is generally almost blank, and is thus referred to as an AlmostBlank Subframe (ABS). However, even though the ABS must still containcertain signals, the energy conveyed in the ABS is much less than anormal subframe, and therefore reduces interference with the UEs' D2Dcommunications.

In addition, LTE may be enhanced by implementing Time Division Multiplex(TDM) partitioning between D2D UEs and any nearby small cell eNodeBs toprevent interference between them. No such enhancement is needed withregard to UL communications however, because partitioning of theFrequency Division Multiplex (FDM) used in the LTE uplink is alreadyprovided for in the LTE standard.

FIG. 4 illustrates the structure 400 of radio resources most commonlyused in DL transmissions by the herein disclosed apparatus, systems, andmethods, although other frame, subframe, or like information-carryingstructures may also be used. The DL transmission resources in LTE can bedescribed in terms of space, time, and frequency. The spatial dimensioncontains one or more layers (only one of which is shown), each layerrepresenting an antenna port at the eNodeB. For each antenna port, aReference Signal (RS) is provided to enable the User Equipment (UE) tolocate the radio channel. In the embodiments disclosed herein, only oneantenna port is considered, but the disclosure can be extended toinclude a plurality of ports.

In the time dimension, for each transmit antenna port the largest unitof time is the radio frame 410, which has a duration of 10 ms. Eachradio frame is subdivided into ten 1 ms subframes 420, and each of thesubframes is split into two 0.5 ms slots 430. Each slot comprises sevenOFDM symbols 440 in the case of the normal Cyclic Prefix (CP) length, orsix (not shown) if the extended CP is configured in the cell. In thefrequency domain, the largest unit is called a carrier 450, which has abandwidth of at least 180 kHz. Each carrier is divided into at least 12subcarriers or “tones” 460, each with a spacing of 15 kHz. One carrier(12 subcarriers) for a duration of one slot is called a Resource Block(RB) 470. The smallest unit of resource consists of one subcarrier for aduration of one OFDM symbol, called a Resource Element (RE) 480. An RBthus comprises 84 REs using a normal cyclic prefix length, and 72 REsusing the extended cyclic prefix. FIG. 4 illustrates the resourcestructure using the normal cyclic prefix length.

FIG. 5 is a table showing TDD uplink/downlink configurations that may beused in the herein disclosed apparatus, systems, and methods. As shownin the table, the letter D indicates that the sub-frame is a downlinksub-frame, the letter U indicates that the sub-frame is an uplinksub-frame, and the letter S indicates that the corresponding sub-frameis a “special” sub-frame. In a so-called special subframe, the beginningportion is utilized for downlink transmission, and the ending portion isutilized for uplink transmission. A silence or “guard” region isarranged in the middle of the special sub-frame between the downlink anduplink portions. In the illustration, there are seven kinds ofconfigurations defined for TDD subframes, each having different ratiosof uplink to downlink subframes. The different configurations allow avariety of DL/UL ratios and switching periodicities to be implemented asneeded.

In an illustrative scenario, TDD configuration 3 may be being used in aparticular macro cell to schedule UL and DL transmissions. As shown inFIG. 5, subframe 4 of TDD configuration 3 comprises six DL subframes,three UL subframes, and one special subframe. One way to accommodate D2Dcommunication among UEs in its coverage area is for the macrocell eNodeBto provide quiescent subframes in its coverage area during which UEswhich are capable of doing so may engage in D2D communications, withoutproblematic interference from other devices transmitting at the sametime using the same resources. To do so, the eNB can switch from TDDconfiguration 3 to a TDD configuration that provides one or moreadditional DL subframes, thereby allowing the eNodeB to gain controlover the additional subframe(s). The eNB then informs other devices inits service area that it has done so. In this exemplary case, as shownin FIG. 5, TDD configuration 4 has seven DL subframes, one more than TDDconfiguration 3. The additional DL subframe is subframe 4 of TDDconfiguration 4, which is now a DL instead of an UL subframe. Thus, themacro eNB, in addition to selecting a TDD configuration that provides ULand DL resources appropriate for the transmissions it participates initself, may additionally select a TDD configuration that will providequiescent subframes in which D2D communications may proceed. The eNBaccomplishes that by selecting a new TDD configuration that adds one ormore DL subframes, i.e., that modifies the downlink/uplinkconfiguration, to the number otherwise provided for by the TDDconfiguration that it selected based only on the needs/factorsassociated with the eNB. Thus, in TDD configuration 4, subframe 4 is nowa DL subframe, and the eNB informs other devices in its coverage areathat the new TDD configuration being used in configuration 4.

The macro eNodeB thereby gains control over subframe 4 in this scenario.To provide a quiescent frame in which D2D communications may proceed,the eNB ensures that frame 4 remains quiescent, for example, byscheduling subframe 4 as an ABS. Note that it may be advantageous toinclude control signaling, such as CRS, PSS, and SSS, in the ABS. Thosesignals in an ABS are ignored by R11 and R12 UEs, so that they mayengage in HetNet communications and D2D communications, respectively.The macro eNodeB informs R10 and other prior art UEs in the macrocellthat it has made subframe 4 an ABS, so that they can modify theirmeasurements accordingly, and they will continue to monitor those framesfor control signaling, per above, but will not affirmatively attemptcommunication due to modification of those subframes from uplink todownlink. In addition, the macro eNodeB informs R12 UEs that subframe 4is an ABS and available for D2D communications.

To ensure the ABS remains quiescent, the eNB may suppress small celleNodeBs from transmitting and interfering with the R12 UEs' D2Dcommunications, such as by misinforming the small cell eNodeBs, via theX2 or S1 interface, that subframe 4 is an ordinary TDD configuration 3UL subframe and not an ABS. In an embodiment, the eNB may simply refrainfrom informing the pico/femto eNBs that it has implemented a differentTDD configuration. Consequently, because a small cell eNodeB willbelieve that macro UEs are engaged in UL transmissions, it will nottransmit during subframe 4. Further, macro UEs will not engage in ULtransmissions because the previously UL frame is now a DL frame.Finally, the macro eNB itself transmits as little as it can withoutdisrupting the operation of the macro cell, by configuring the new DLsubframe as an ABS. The result is that, for the duration of the ABS, theR12 UEs can engage in D2D communications without undue interference fromother devices in the macro cell.

None of these procedures creates any issues with regard to any UE uplink(UL) communications with the macro eNodeB, at least because the ABS isnominally a DL subframe. Consequently, the DL subframe is not availableto transmit Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) messages orPhysical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) messages, for example. Asusual however, the macro eNodeB downlink (DL) may still utilize the ABSfor control messaging, such as Asynchronous Hybrid Automatic RepeatreQuest (HARQ) messaging, for example.

The macro eNB may execute the foregoing modification to the at least onesubframe modified from a UL to a DL subframe for any reasons known tothose skilled in the art. By way of non-limiting example, the macro eNBmay sense the presence in its cell of R12 UEs capable of D2Dcommunications, or of R11 UEs capable of HetNet communications.Likewise, and by way of non-limiting example, the macro eNB may receivea request for resources for D2D communications or for HetNetcommunications.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary ABS that may be used in accordance withthe herein disclosed apparatus, systems, and methods. As shown, the ABScontains control signaling such as PBCH, CRS, and synchronizationsignals. Nevertheless, more than half of the ABS remains blank.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary scenario in accordance with the hereindisclosed apparatus, systems, and methods. Assume subframe x is beingused for UL communications to macro eNodeB 705 from macro UEs 710, 715,720 in its coverage area. To support D2D communications, the macroeNodeB can reschedule at least the user plane data of subframe x, andallocate subframe x for D2D communication, 725. Accordingly, the macroeNodeB causes subframe x to be an ABS, for example, by forming the ABSitself, or by directing another network element such as a small cell eNBto form the ABS. However, to prevent small cell eNodeBs in the macroeNodeB's coverage area from transmitting during the ABS, the macroeNodeB informs the small cell eNodeBs (via the X2 or S1 interface) thatsubframe x is not an ABS subframe, 735. In an embodiment, the macro eNBinforms the small cell eNB(s) that subframe x is a DL frame, butrefrains from informing them that it is an ABS. In that case, becausethe small cell eNodeBs believe the macro eNodeB is using subframe x asan ordinary DL subframe, they do not transmit on that subframe, 740.Alternatively, the macro eNB may simply refrain from informing the smallcell eNB(s) that it has selected a different TDD configuration. In thatcase, the small cell eNB(s) believe subframe x is still an UL subframebeing used by macro UEs for UL communications to the macro eNB, and willstill not transmit on that subframe, 740.

The macro eNodeB identifies subframe x as an ABS in the MasterInformation Block (MIB) and System Information Blocks (SIBs), 745.Because R11 and R12 UEs obtain information about macro frames from theMIB and SIBs, those UEs understand subframe x is an ABS, and do notperform measurements thereon, 750. However, the macro eNodeB alsoidentifies subframe x as a D2D subframe in the MIB and SIBs, 755. As aresult, R12 UEs understand they are free to use subframe x for D2Dcommunications, 760. Of course, to maintain the smooth operation ofprior art UEs in the macro cell, the macro eNB will continue to ensurethat CRS, PSS, and SSS signals are provided, 775. During D2Dcommunications, the R12 UEs may be configured to cancel one or more ofthose signals, 765. Similarly, R11 UEs may be configured to cancel oneor more of those signals, 770, when they communicate with a small celleNodeB instead of with the macrocell eNodeB.

As noted, to maintain backward compatibility with R10 and older UEs isdesired, the macro eNodeB transmits the CRS, PSS, and SSS signaling asapplicable on subframe x. The R11 and R12 UEs will not use thatsignaling for measurements, but R10 and older UEs will performmeasurements based on the signals as usual, 780.

In an embodiment, D2D communication between R12 UEs can be scheduled toavoid interfering with the CRS transmissions, such as in order toprevent R10 and older UEs from being interfered with, and wronglydetermining that a radio link failure has occurred. For example, theResource Elements (REs) used for CRS signaling (i.e., the symbol, tone)can be ignored by the R12 UEs, or the entire symbol that contains thoseREs can be ignored.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram of a communications apparatus in accordancewith an aspect of the herein disclosed apparatus, systems, and methods.The communications apparatus 800 may, for example, be a UE disposed inthe network illustrated in FIG. 3A. The operation of the network may bein compliance with LTE or LTE-A standards. Apparatus 800 comprises abaseband module 810, a receiver module 815, a Radio Frequency (RF)transceiver module 820, and a controller module 830. The baseband module810 may comprise a plurality of hardware devices configured to performbaseband signal processing, such as Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC),Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC), gain adjusting, modulation,demodulation, encoding, decoding, and so on. The receiver module 815 maycomprise an antenna and other components arranged to receive wireless RFsignals. Transceiver module 820 may obtain RF signals from the receiver,and convert the obtained signals to baseband signals which are processedby the baseband module 810. Conversely, transceiver module 820 mayreceive baseband signals from the baseband module 810, convert thereceived baseband signals to RF signals, and wirelessly transmit the RFsignals via a transmitter. RF module 820 may also comprise one or morehardware devices to perform radio frequency conversion. For example, RFmodule 820 may comprise a mixer to multiply the baseband signals with acarrier oscillated at a radio frequency of the wireless communicationssystem, wherein the radio frequency may be, for example, 900 MHz, 1900MHz, or 2100 MHz as utilized in UMTS, or 900 MHz, 2100 MHz, or 2.6 GHzas utilized in LTE systems, or other frequencies depending on the radioaccess technology being used. Controller module 830 controls theoperation of baseband module 810, receiver module 815, and transceivermodule 820, as well as other functional components such as a display,keypad, a non-transitory storage unit storing data and applicationprogram code, communication protocols, or the like.

FIG. 8B is a block diagram illustrating a communication apparatus inaccordance with another aspect of the herein disclosed apparatus,systems, and methods. Communications apparatus 840 may, for example, bean evolved NodeB (eNB) in a network such as that shown in FIG. 3A.Communications apparatus 840 comprises a baseband module 850, atransceiver module 860, a signal monitor module 870, and a controllermodule 880. The transceiver module 860 may cause signals to betransmitted and received via wireless and/or wired connection. Further,the eNB may transmit control or/and data signals to one or more UEs, forexample over an air interface, and may communicate with other eNBs viawireless or wired connection, such as via an X2 or S1 interface, anetwork controller, a core network device, or the like. For example, inexemplary embodiments, the transceiver module may communicate with othereNBs via backhaul connection. The operation of baseband module 850 andthe controller module 880 are similar to that of the baseband module 810and the controller module 830 described previously. Note that becausethe eNB communicates directly with UEs and other devices in its coveragearea, the controller module 880 may also schedule the transmission ofcontrol signals and data to the UE(s) and other devices in its servicearea. As such, the controller module 880 may include a scheduler module890 arranged to schedule control signal and data transmissions.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating a method 900 for use with thedisclosed apparatus and systems. In the figure, an apparatus, which maybe a base station/eNB, obtains an indicator of a needed quiescentsubframe, 910. For example, the eNB may sense the presence in its cellof one or more R12 UEs capable of D2D communications, and/or may receivea request for D2D communications. In response the apparatus selects asubframe of a communication frame, 920, and allocates the selectedsubframe for use as an almost blank subframe (ABS), 930. That is, atsteps 920 and 930, the apparatus may modify the communicationconfiguration of the subframes. The apparatus transmits the ABS over anair interface, 940. In addition, the apparatus may send a misinformationsignal indicating the ABS is not almost blank, 950.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a method 1000 for use with thedisclosed apparatus and systems. In the figure, an apparatus, which maybe a UE that is capable of D2D communications, determines a need for aquiescent subframe, 1010, for example, so that it can engage in D2Dcommunications without undue interference. The apparatus transmits asignal indicative of the need for a quiescent subframe, 1020. Theapparatus then receives an ABS, 1030, which may be provided in responseto its transmitted indicator signal. During the ABS, the apparatusprevents performing a measurement, such as a measurement based oncontrol signals of the ABS, 1040. Further, the apparatus cancels atleast one control signal during the ABS, 1050. Preferably, the apparatusschedules a D2D operation such that the operation, which may be a D2Dtransmission, for example, will avoid collision with a control signalduring the ABS, 1060. The apparatus then performs the D2D operationduring the ABS, 1070.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an exemplary apparatus 1100 that may beconfigured as a network entity (e.g., a base station such as the eNB 840in FIG. 8B) in a wireless network, or as a processor or similardevice/component for use within the network entity. The apparatus 1100may include functional blocks that represent functions implemented by anapplication specific processor, or software executing on a generalpurpose processor, or a combination thereof (e.g., firmware). As shown,apparatus 1100 includes a processor for executing computer code 1190, amemory or other storage device 1192 that may store the computer codeand/or the results of the executed code, and a transmitter/receiver 1195for communicating with other devices, all of which would be included ineNB 840. In addition, apparatus 1100 may include an electrical componentor module 1101 for obtaining an indicator of a needed quiescent subframe(which may be included, e.g., in transceiver module 860 or signalmonitor module 870). The apparatus 1100 may also include an electricalcomponent or module 1105 for selecting a subframe of a communicationframe (which may be included, e.g., in controller module 880). Anelectrical component or module 1107 may be included for allocating theselected subframe for use as an almost blank subframe (ABS) (which maybe included, e.g., in scheduler module 890). The apparatus 1100 may alsoinclude an electrical component or module 1109 for transmitting the ABSover an air interface (which may be included, e.g., in transceivermodule 860). The apparatus 1100 may also include an electrical componentor module 1111 for sending a misinformation signal indicating the ABS isnot almost blank (which may be included, e.g., in transceiver module860).

With reference to FIG. 12, there is provided an exemplary apparatus 1200that may be configured as a network entity (e.g., a UE such as the UE800 in FIG. 8A) in a wireless network. The apparatus 1200 may includefunctional blocks that represent functions implemented by an applicationspecific processor, or software executing on a general purposeprocessor, or a combination thereof (e.g., firmware). As shown,apparatus 1200 includes a processor for executing computer code 1290, amemory or other storage device 1292 that may store the computer codeand/or the results of the executed code, and a transmitter/receiver 1295for communicating with other devices, all of which would be included inUE 800. In addition, apparatus 1200 may include an electrical componentor module 1201 for determining a need for a quiescent subframe, such asto engage in D2D communications (which may be included, e.g., incontroller module 830). The apparatus may also include an electricalcomponent or module 1203 for transmitting a signal indicative of theneed for a quiescent subframe (which may be included, e.g., intransceiver module 820). The apparatus may also include an electricalcomponent or module 1205 for receiving an almost blank subframe (ABS)(which may be included, e.g., in receiver module 815). The apparatus mayalso include an electrical component or module 1208 for preventingperforming a measurement during the ABS, such as a measurement ofsynchronization signals (which may be included, e.g., in controllermodule 830). The apparatus may also include an electrical component ormodule 1209 for canceling a control signal during the ABS (which mayalso be included, e.g., in controller module 830). The apparatus mayalso include an electrical component or module 1210 for scheduling a D2Doperation such that it avoids collision with a control signal during theABS (which may also be included, e.g., in controller module 830). Theapparatus may also include an electrical component or module 1212 forperforming a D2D operation during the ABS (which may also be included,e.g., in controller module 830).

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an exemplary apparatus 1300 that may beconfigured as a network entity (e.g., a base station such as the eNB 840in FIG. 8B) in a wireless network, or as a processor or similardevice/component for use within the network entity. The apparatus 1300may include functional blocks that represent functions implemented by anapplication specific processor, or software executing on a generalpurpose processor, or a combination thereof (e.g., firmware). As shown,apparatus 1300 includes a processor for executing computer code 1390, amemory or other storage device 1392 that may store the computer codeand/or the results of the executed code, and a transmitter/receiver 1395for communicating with other devices, all of which would be included ineNB 840. In addition, apparatus 1300 may include electrical componentmeans 1301 for obtaining an indicator of a needed quiescent subframe(which may be included, e.g., in transceiver module 860 or signalmonitor module 870). The apparatus 1300 may also include electricalcomponent means 1303 for modifying a TDD uplink/downlink configurationto a configuration containing at least one more DL subframe responsiveto the indicator of a needed quiescent subframe (which may be included,e.g., in controller module 880). The apparatus 1300 may also includeelectrical component means 1305 for allocating the at least oneadditional DL subframe as at least one respective ABS (which may beincluded, e.g., in controller module 880). Electrical component means1308 may be included for communicating the at least one ABS over an airinterface (which may be included, e.g., in transceiver module 860). Theapparatus 1300 may also include electrical component means 1309 forsending a misinformation signal indicating the ABS is not almost blank(which may be included, e.g., in transceiver module 860). The apparatus1300 may also include electrical component means 1310 for forming the atleast one additional DL subframe as at least one respective ABS (whichmay be included, e.g., in controller module 880). The apparatus 1300 mayalso include electrical component means 1312 detecting at least one UEoperable to engage in D2D communications (which may be included, e.g.,in signal monitor module 870). The apparatus 1300 may also includeelectrical component means 1314 for causing formation of an MIB/SIBindicating the added DL is an ABS (which may be included, e.g., incontroller module 880). The apparatus 1300 may also include electricalcomponent means 1316 for causing formation of an MIB/SIB indicating theadded DL is for D2D communications (which may be included, e.g., incontroller module 880).

In related aspects, the processor, memory, and/or thetransmitter/receiver of apparatus 1100, 1200, and 1300 may be inoperative communication with the components 1101-1111, 1201-1212, and1301-1316, respectively, via buses 1150, 1250, and 1350, respectively,or via similar communication coupling. The processors may effectinitiation and scheduling of the processes and/or functions performed byelectrical components 1101-1111, 1201-1212, and 1301-1316.

In other related aspects, transmitter/receiver components of theapparatus described herein may be embodied in a transceiver, and/or astand alone receiver and/or stand alone transmitter may be used in lieuof or in conjunction with a transceiver. When the apparatus is a basestation, eNB, or the like, that apparatus may also include a networkinterface (not shown) for connecting to one or more core networkentities and/or base station entities. Further, either or all ofapparatus 1100, 1200, and 1300 may optionally include an additionalcomputer readable component for storing information. That component maybe operatively coupled to the other components of the apparatus 1100,1200, and 1300, such as via the bus 1150, 1250, 1350 or the like. Thememory components may be adapted to store computer readable instructionsand data for affecting the processes and behavior of the componentsdescribed in each of the apparatus, and subcomponents thereof, or theprocessors, or the methods disclosed herein. The memory described hereinmay store instructions for executing functions associated with thecomponents of the apparatus. It is further noted that the apparatusillustrated in FIGS. 11, 12, 13 may comprise additional processors,electronic devices, hardware devices, electronic sub-components, logicalcircuits, memories, software codes, firmware codes, etc., or anycombination thereof as needed to effect the herein described systems andmethods, and/or others not described herein.

Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signalsmay be represented using any of a variety of different technologies andtechniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information,signals, bits, symbols, and the like that may be referenced herein maybe realized using voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magneticfields, electrical particles, optical fields or particles, or anycombination thereof.

Those of skill in the relevant arts would further appreciate that thevarious illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and method stepsdescribed in connection with the disclosure herein may be realized usingelectronic hardware, computer software running on a processor, orcombinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability ofsuch implementations, various illustrative components, blocks, modules,circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms oftheir functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented ashardware alone or combined with software depends upon the particularapplication and design constraints imposed on the overall system.Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in a varietyof ways depending on each particular application, but suchimplementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing adeparture from the scope of the present disclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits describedin connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performedwith a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate ortransistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combinationthereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Ageneral-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in thealternative, the processor may be any conventional processor,controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also beimplemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combinationof a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one ormore microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suchconfiguration.

The steps of a method or algorithm described herein may be embodieddirectly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, orin a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory,flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers,magnetic hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form ofstorage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupledto the processor such that the processor can read information from,and/or write information to, the storage medium. The storage medium maybe distinct from or integral to the processor. The processor and thestorage medium may reside in an ASIC. In some cases, the ASIC may residein a user terminal In the alternative, the processor and the storagemedium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

In one or more exemplary designs, the functions described may beimplemented using hardware, software, firmware, or any combinationthereof. If implemented using software, the functions may be stored onor transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on anon-transitory computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media mayencompass both computer storage media and communication media includingany tangible non-transitory medium that facilitates transfer of acomputer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be anyavailable non-transitory medium that can be accessed by a generalpurpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and notlimitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM,CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or othermagnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carryor store desired program code means in the form of instructions or datastructures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose orspecial-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purposeprocessor. Disk and disc, as used herein, can include any opticalstorage device such as compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc,digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disksusually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce dataoptically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be includedwithin the scope of computer-readable media

The foregoing disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in theart to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to thedisclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and thegeneric principles defined herein may be applied to other variationswithout departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, theinvention is not intended to be limited to the examples and designsdescribed herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent withthe principles and novel features disclosed herein, as embodied in theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A communications apparatus, comprising: acontroller module operable to obtain an indicator of a need for aquiescent subframe, and to select responsively thereto a subframe of acommunication frame, and to allocate the selected subframe as an AlmostBlank Subframe (ABS); and a transceiver operable to communicate the ABSover an air interface, and to send a misinformation signal to an eNodeBdevice indicating the ABS is not almost blank.
 2. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the controller module is further operable to form the ABS. 3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the need for a quiescent subframe isbased on a signal received by the transceiver of which the transceiveris an intended recipient.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the needfor a quiescent subframe is based on a signal monitored by thetransceiver of which the transceiver is not an intended recipient. 5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ABS does not contain anyuser-plane data.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the misinformationsignal is sent via at least one of an X2 and an S1 interface.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller module is further operableto form at least one of a Master Information Block (MIB) and a SystemInformation Block (SIB) indicating that the selected subframe is an ABS.8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller module is furtheroperable to form at least one of a Master Information Block (MIB) and aSystem Information Block (SIB) indicating that the selected subframe isavailable for Device to Device (D2D) communications.
 9. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the ABS contains at least one of a Common ReferenceSignal (CRS), a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), and a SecondarySynchronization Signal (SSS).
 10. A method of accommodating userequipment (UE) device to device (D2D) communications in an LTE wirelesscommunication network, comprising: an evolved NodeB (eNB) obtaining anindicator of a needed quiescent subframe, responsive to the indicator,the eNB selecting a subframe of a communication frame; the eNBallocating the selected subframe for use as an Almost Blank Subframe(ABS); the eNB transmitting the ABS over an air interface; and the eNBsending a misinformation signal to a device indicating the ABS is notalmost blank.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the eNBforming the ABS.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the need for aquiescent subframe is based on a signal received by a transceiver thatis an intended recipient of the signal.
 13. The method of claim 10,wherein the need for a quiescent subframe is based on a signal monitoredby a transceiver that is not an intended recipient of the signal. 14.The method of claim 10, wherein the ABS does not contain any user-planedata.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the misinformation signal issent via at least one of an X2 and an S1 interface.
 16. The method ofclaim 10, further comprising the eNB forming at least one of a MasterInformation Block (MIB) and a System Information Block (SIB) indicatingthat the selected subframe is an ABS.
 17. The method of claim 10,further comprising the eNB forming at least one of a Master InformationBlock (MIB) and a System Information Block (SIB) indicating that theselected subframe is available for Device to Device (D2D)communications.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the ABS contains atleast one of a Common Reference Signal (CRS), a Primary SynchronizationSignal (PSS), and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS).
 19. Anon-transitory computer-readable data storage medium that contains codewhich, when executed on at least one processor associated with a basestation in a wireless network, causes the base station to perform amethod comprising: obtaining an indicator of a need for a quiescentsubframe, responsive to the indicator, selecting a subframe of acommunication frame; allocating the selected subframe for use as anAlmost Blank Subframe (ABS); transmitting the ABS over an air interface;and sending a misinformation signal to an eNodeB device indicating theABS is not an ABS.
 20. The computer-readable medium of claim 19, whereinthe method performed comprises forming the ABS.
 21. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the need for a quiescentsubframe is based on a signal received by a transceiver that is anintended recipient of the signal.
 22. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 19, wherein the need for a quiescent subframe is based on a signalmonitored by a transceiver that is not an intended recipient of thesignal.
 23. The computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the ABSdoes not contain any user-plane data.
 24. The computer-readable mediumof claim 19, wherein the misinformation signal is sent via at least oneof an X2 and an S1 interface.
 25. The computer-readable medium of claim19, further comprising code for causing the base station to form atleast one of a Master Information Block (MIB) and a System InformationBlock (SIB) indicating that the selected subframe is an ABS.
 26. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 19, further comprising code forcausing the base station to form at least one of a Master InformationBlock (MIB) and a System Information Block (SIB) indicating that theselected subframe is available for Device to Device (D2D)communications.
 27. The computer-readable medium of claim 19, whereinthe ABS contains at least one of a Common Reference Signal (CRS), aPrimary Synchronization Signal (PSS), and a Secondary SynchronizationSignal (SSS).
 28. A communications apparatus comprising: means forobtaining an indicator of a need for a quiescent subframe, andresponsive thereto to select a subframe of a communication frame andallocate the selected subframe for use as an Almost Blank Subframe(ABS); and means for communicating the ABS over an air interface; andmeans for sending a misinformation signal to an eNodeB device indicatingthe ABS is not almost blank.
 29. The apparatus of claim 28, furthercomprising means for forming the ABS.
 30. The apparatus of claim 28,wherein the need for a quiescent subframe is based on a signal receivedby the communication means of which the communication means is anintended recipient.
 31. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the need fora quiescent subframe is based on a signal monitored by the communicationmeans of which an communication means is not the intended recipient. 32.The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the ABS does not contain anyuser-plane data.
 33. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein themisinformation signal is sent via at least one of an X2 and an S1interface.
 34. The apparatus of claim 28, further comprising means forforming at least one of a Master Information Block (MIB) and a SystemInformation Block (SIB) indicating that the selected subframe is an ABS.35. The apparatus of claim 28, further comprising means for forming atleast one of a Master Information Block (MIB) and a System InformationBlock (SIB) indicating that the selected subframe is available forDevice to Device (D2D) communications.
 36. The apparatus of claim 28,wherein the ABS contains at least one of a Common Reference Signal(CRS), a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), and a SecondarySynchronization Signal (SSS).